Articles by "Transportation Engineering"

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Showing posts with label Transportation Engineering. Show all posts

1:40 PM , ,
Turtle tunnels below railway lines
[Image source: Ron Alford]
Some might be surprised to find out what Japanese train companies are investing in lately, possibly even shellshocked. Partnering with Suma Aqualife Park, a giant aquarium and beach educating people on aquatic life, the train companies started to install tunnels for turtles to safely cross under tracks.
This issue arose when trains were getting delayed from turtles getting stuck in a part of the rail-switching mechanism. Implementing these escape routes for turtles to travel through will keep trains from getting any more delayed while keeping their conscience clear from any turtle casualties.
Since the new turtle tunnels started being installed last April, 10 turtles have been observed actually using these underpasses. Pictures below display the hazards of turtles getting stuck in the tracks, while the second photo depicts them using the underpass to cross the tracks safely.
Turtle tunnels below railway lines
[Image source: Sumasui]

Turtle tunnels below railway lines
A turtle stuck in railway mechanism [Image source: Sumasui]
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10:07 AM , ,
Book: Highway Engineering Handbook by Roger R. Brockenbrough
Environmental issues play a major role in the planning, design, construction, and rehabilitation of highways. Indeed, their prominence has grown as the public has become increasingly informed on environmental issues and associated requirements. This chapter provides an overview to lend guidance in understanding environmental issues, and information to aid in the process of effectively addressing the various requirements in this area. It begins with an overall review of the numerous federal laws and regulations that must be considered. A thorough discussion is provided of the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and the preparation of environmental impact statements. Information is presented on the important topics of storm water pollution prevention and lead-based paint removal and containment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of resource recovery and the use of waste material, including the recycling of hazardous wastes.
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8:00 PM , , ,
Book: Pavement Design and Materials by A. T. Papagiannakis and E. A. Masad
This textbook covers pavement materials, analysis, design, evaluation, and economics of asphalt and portland concrete roadways. Its intended audience is engineering students at the undergraduate and junior graduate levels. In addition, practicing engineers may find it useful as a reference for practical design applications. Its structure focuses on the best established and currently applicable techniques for material characterization, analysis, and design, rather than offering a historical perspective of these techniques and the way they are applied by the multitude of jurisdictions dealing with roadway pavements. In compiling this textbook, our initial intention was to utilize metric (SI) units throughout. However, this was tempered by the number of empirical expressions still in use involving imperial units, including some adopted by the Mechanistic-Empirical design guide. In such cases, the use of dual units was unavoidable.
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7:27 PM , , ,
Book: Handbook of Transportation Engineering by Myer Kurtz
Transportation systems of regional and national extent are composed of networks of interconnected facilities and services. It follows that nearly all transportation projects must be analyzed with due consideration for their position within a modal or intermodal network, and for their impacts on network performance. That is, the network context of a transportation project is usually very important. Thus, it is appropriate to begin a volume on transportation engineering with a chapter on national transportation networks. 
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6:50 PM , , ,
Book: Highway Engineering by Martin Rogers
Given the problems of congestion in built-up urban areas, maximising the efficiency with which highways are planned, analysed, designed and maintained is of particular concern to civil engineering practitioners and theoreticians. This book is designed as an introductory text which will deliver basic information in those core areas of highway engineering of central importance to practicing highway engineers.
Highway Engineering is intended as a text for undergraduate students on degree and diploma courses in civil engineering. It does, however, touch on topics which may be of interest to surveyors and transport planners. The book does not see itself as a substitute for courses in these subject areas, rather it demonstrates their relevance to highway engineering.


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8:18 PM , , , , ,
Spreadsheet: Prestressed Concrete Girder Design for Bridge Structure Based on AASHTO 17th Edition & ACI 318-11
Design of prestressed concrete girder bridge is one of the most specialized tasks faced by structural design engineers. An effective excel spreadsheet for design of prestressed concrete girder bridge design according to AASHTO 17th Edition & ACI 318-11 is made available for free download.
Please share with others and don't forget to give your valuable feedback in the comments section below.Voila!
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11:50 AM , , ,
Concrete pavements have been used for highways, airports, streets, local roads, parking lots, industrial facilities, and other types of infrastructure. When properly designed and built out of durable materials, concrete pavements can provide many decades of service with little or no maintenance. “Concrete generally has a higher initial cost than asphalt but lasts longer and has lower maintenance costs”.
Concrete Pavement Design,Construction & Performance by Norbert Delatte
In some cases, however, design or construction errors or poorly selected materials have considerably reduced pavement life. It is therefore important for pavement engineers to understand materials selection, mixture proportioning, design and detailing, drainage, construction techniques, and pavement performance. It is also important to understand the theoretical framework underlying commonly used design procedures, and to know the limits of applicability of the procedures.
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12:43 PM , ,
Geotechnical studies in the planning of bridges should provide the following Information:
  • The types of Rocks, Dips, Faults and Fissures
  • Subsoil Ground Water Level, Quality, Artesian Conditions if any 
  • Location and extent of soft layers 
  • Identification of hard bearing strata 
  • Physical properties of soil layers

planning of bridges
Figure 1. X-sec of crossing over the Seine via the Bir Hakeim bridge and the limestone quarries under Trocadéro(Paris)

    
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12:21 PM , ,
  • Traffic studies need to be carried out to ascertain the amount of traffic that will utilize the New or Widened Bridge 
  • This is needed to determine Economic Feasibility of the Bridge  
  • For this Services of a Transportation Planner and or Traffic Engineer are required  
  • Such Studies are done with help of Traffic Software such as Trans CAD, EMME2 etc. 
  • Traffic Studies should provide following information
    • Traffic on Bridge immediately after opening
    • Amount of traffic at various times during life of the Bridge 
    • Traffic Mix i.e. number of motorcars, buses, heavy trucks and other vehicles 
    • Effect of the new link on existing road network 
    • Predominant Origin and Destination of traffic that will use the Bridge 
    • Strategic importance of the new/improved Bridge
     
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5:52 PM , ,
"Concrete pavements" commonly referred to as "Rigid Pavements" are and efficient and sometimes the best solution for particular areas like areas having high moisture content and excess water from subsurface as well as surface sources.Rigid pavements are also suitable for areas with shallow water table.

Three types of concrete pavements are commonly used,

Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) has transverse joints spaced less than about 5 m apart and no reinforcing steel in the slab. JPCP may, however, contain steel dowel bars across transverse joints and steel tie bars across longitudinal joints.
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement(JPCP)
Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) has transverse joints spaced about 9 to 12 m apart and contains steel reinforcement in the slab. The steel reinforcement is designed to hold tightly together any  transverse cracks that develop in the slab. Dowel bars and tie bars are also used at all transverse and  longitudinal joints, respectively.



Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)
Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) has no regularly spaced transverse joints and  contains more steel reinforcement than JRCP. The high steel content influences the development of transverse cracks within an acceptable spacing and serves to hold these transverse cracks tightly together. Transverse reinforcing steel is often used.


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4:32 PM , ,
Airport configuration means number and orientation of runways and location of terminal area relative to runways. 
        Terminal area is located relative to runways with a view to : -
a.Provide easy and timely access to runways.
b.Provide shortest taxiing distance from terminal area to takeoff ends of runway.
c.Provide shorter taxiing distance for landing aircraft as much as possible.

Runway Configuration
•It is number and orientation of runways.
•Number of runways depends upon volume of traffic and orientation on prevailing wind pattern, kind use, size/ shape of the area and air space restrictions.
•ICAO recommends that the "usability factor of an aerodrome is not less than 95% for the aero planes that the aerodrome is intended to serve"
Should be arranged so as to: -
a.  Adequate separation in air traffic pattern.
b.  Cause least interference and delays in operations, 
c.  Provide shortest taxing distance from terminal area to runway ends.

        Runway Location Considerations 
The following factors should be considered in locating and orienting a runway:
• Wind
• Airspace availability
• Environmental factors (noise, air and water quality)
• Obstructions to navigation
• Air traffic control visibility
• Wildlife hazards

Runway Orientation and Winds 
 The orientation of the runway is an important consideration in airport planning and design
• The goal of this exercise is to define the runway orientation that maximizes the possible use of the runway throughout the year accounting for a wide variety of wind conditions
• FAA and ICAO regulations establish rules about runway orientation and their expected coverage 
• Ideally, all aircraft operations on a runway should be conducted against the wind
• Unfortunately, wind conditions vary from hour to hour thus requiring a careful examination of prevailing wind conditions at the airport site.
       Taxiways 
•Provide access from runways to terminal area and service hangers.
•Exit Taxiways (turnoffs) are used by landing aircrafts and
•Entrance Taxiways by the aircrafts which are due to takeoff. 
•Salient points are: -
a.  Taxiways should be so arranged that landing aircrafts do not interfere with takeoffs.
b.  One-way parallel taxiways should be provided when movement is expected in both directions.
c.  Shortest possible route from terminal area to takeoff end of the runway should be selected.
d.  Whenever possible taxiways to be routed to avoid crossing of runways.
e.  Exit taxiways should be located at various points along runways to enable landing aircraft to clear runways for other operation.
f.  To increase capacity, high-speed exits (less than 90°) should be provided.

 Holding Bays
•Also known as run up/warm up pads. 
•Necessary at near runway end for final checks prior to takeoff for piston engine aircrafts and wait for
  takeoff clearance for all aircrafts.
         •Some time a bypass taxiway is provided. Size depends upon the volume of traffic. 
 
         Holding Aprons 
a.  Small aprons, at convenient location for temporary storage of aircrafts waiting for a gate.
b.  ATC is responsible for directing to holding bays,
c.  Not required once capacity matches the demand.
d.  Good measure to cater for future saturation capacity conditions.


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